![]() Ocean acidification, primarily caused by carbon dioxide emissions, reduces calcium carbonate availability for organisms. These changes have resulted in habitat loss, population declines, increased risks of species extirpations and extinctions, and rearrangements of marine food webs (Pörtner et. ![]() The observed effects include alterations in ecological communities due to warming, acidification and deoxygenation, which create unfavourable conditions for many marine fish and invertebrates. Observations indicate that anthropogenic climate change has exposed ocean and coastal ecosystems to unprecedented conditions over millennia, leading to significant impacts for marine life and coastal regions. For instance, there are reduced catches of commercially important fisheries, and blue carbon ecosystems have less capacity to store carbon. The deadly trio leads to biodiversity loss, and degraded ecosystem functions and structures – often through non-linear, cascading effects. increased nutrient loads leading to low oxygen conditions). too high temperatures) or through indirect effects exacerbating impacts from the other drivers of change (e.g. This can be through either direct impacts that create lethal conditions (e.g. The black line shows the annual values for 1979-2018 from reanalysis data, and the dashed horizontal line shows the mean for 1986-2005 (for further details, see EEA, 2021a).Ĭombined, the ‘deadly trio’ make marine biodiversity more vulnerable and reduce ecosystems’ resilience. ![]() Notes: a) Decline in ocean pH measured at the Aloha station in the Pacific Ocean and yearly mean surface seawater pH reported on a global scale (Copernicus Marine Service EEA, 2022a).ī) The past, present and future annual mean sea surface temperature for Europe’s seas.
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